Native American Indian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Native American Indian - Essay Example The American policy towards the Native American Indians were continually evolving and changing. After the United States-British war, the United States treated the Native American Indians who allied with the British as a conquered people who had lost their land. However, the Americans find the policy very difficult to impose. In a short period, the United States abandoned the policy (Native Americans). In the decades following the American Revolution, the desire for more land by the rapidly increasing population of the United States resulted in numerous treaties in which lands were purchased from Native Americans (Indian Removal). Eventually, the U.S. government began encouraging Indian tribes to sell their land by offering them land in the West, outside the boundaries of the then-existing U.S. states, where the tribes could resettle (Indian Removal). This new policy was commonly known as the Indian Removal policy. The main goal of the Indian Removal policy was to relocate Native American Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river (Indian Removal). This process involve in the Indian Removal policy was accelerated with the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 (The U.S. ... Consequently, conflicts generally known as "Indian Wars" broke out between U.S. forces and many different Native American Indian tribes (Native Americans). The United States and the Native American Indians made plenty of treaties during this period, but later abandoned them for several reasons. Well-known military engagements include the typical Native American Indian victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native American Indians at Wounded Knee in 1890 (Native Americans). Contrary to some modern misconceptions, the Removal Act did not order the forced removal of any Native Americans, nor did President Jackson ever publicly advocate forced removal. The Indian Removal policy was supposed to be voluntary, and many Native American Indians did indeed remain in the East. In practice, however, the Jackson administration put great pressure on tribal leaders to sign removal treaties (Indian Removal). This pressure created bitter divisions within the Native American Indian nations, as different tribal leaders advocated different responses to the question of removal. Sometimes, U.S. government officials ignored tribal leaders who resisted signing removal treaties and dealt with those who favored removal (Indian Removal).However, the American policy toward Native American Indians has been an evolving process. In the late nineteenth century, reformers in efforts to "civilize" Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in Indian Boarding Schools run by Christians (qtd. from Native Americans). However, most Native American Indian children were traumatized by the methods of teaching. Children were forbidden from

Economic Nature of the Construction Industry Assignment

Economic Nature of the Construction Industry - Assignment Example Later on, Karl Marx introduced his ideas of exploitation of labor by capital and concluded that the huge constructions that the economy witnessed were all the result of labor that were unjustly and unethically denied the fruits of their efforts which were usurped by capitalists. With progress of time, came the Great Depression and the development of a radically new approach to macroeconomics by John Maynard Keynes. Faced with gloomy prospects of an ever deepening economic depression where the roaring economy of United States that was confident that good times will last forever suddenly faced a scary scenario where jobs vanished and with it the much vaunted purchasing power of populace, Keynes had to think of an way out of that desperate situation. He realized that increasing aggregate demand was the only way out and chose construction industry as the most convenient vehicle of autonomous investment to undertaken by the US government. He prescribed large doses of investment by the gov ernment in construction industry that would, through multiplier effect, generate substantial aggregate demand and consequent rise in general price level that would be sufficient to motivate producers to undertake induced investment. Once this process gets started the upward moving price-wage spiral would pull the entire economy out of the depths of depression. Construction industry is seldom characterized by cutting edge innovations. Any new technique implemented by a builder is quickly replicated by competitors and generally all firms in the industry have access to similar technology. Thus it is an industry that experiences intense competition among equally formidable rivals. It is also an industry where production cycle is possibly the longest and with huge potential for employment requiring substantial levels of continuous investment to keep the industry healthy, construction industry becomes one of the benchmarks for judging the overall

Ecotourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Ecotourism - Essay Example Particularly, the word â€Å"ecotourism† came into being in the late 1980s due to the world’s reaction and acknowledgement of global ecological practices and sustainable practices (Honey, 2008). This paper will seek to describe the emergence of ecotourism, current approaches to ecotourism, products of ecotourism, and provide a brief reflection on ways in which the provided approaches can ensure that the potential of ecotourism can deliver sustainable tourism development. Emergence of Ecotourism The term â€Å"ecotourism† defines responsible travel by visitors to natural areas, which conserves the environment in addition to improving the welfare of the local people. In many countries, the development of ecotourism was not an exemplified phenomenon (Hingham, 2007). The late 1980s show that ecotourism was an unknown entity which was beginning to gain grip in the popular lexicon (Fennell & Dowling, 2003). The ever-heating debate over tourism and environment spurred t he growth of ecotourism since environmental policymakers were enthusiastic about establishing an ecologically sustained development of ecotourism (Raina, 2005). The potential market base for ecotourism appeared small at first, but as time went by, it indicated large-scale growth. Nevertheless, this niche concept revolutionized ecotourism on the onset of 1990s when the term â€Å"ecotourism† became a basic building block of the tourism industry and other sectors such as travelling public and private agencies responsible for promoting tourism products. After striking a chord with these sectors, ecotourism turned into a travelling buzzword (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009). When ecotourism secured a place in the minds of many academicians and industry leaders, governments with the aid of the directly involved institutions and agents brought about numerous policies that aimed at increasing growth and developing this sector. As such, they formed conferences that led to the establishment of both national and regional ecotourism associations (Rauschelbach & Forum International, 2002). This was due to the explosion of interests in the ecotourism. Simultaneously, this period is crucial in the ecotourism business as it saw not only an immense explosion of interests in ecotourism but also a rapid growth in the number of people taking ecotourism business to the next level, and the emergence of specialized tour operators, both retailers and wholesalers, who marketed ecotourism products. As of today, the ecotourism sector is still emerging even after a long series of introducing new flavors into the business (Fennel, 2007). Ecotourism has gained favor as an ideal form of sustainable development mainly because of its ability to advocate sustainability measures through its agents. Additionally, ecotourism is so favorable within the sustainable development framework since its ideal goal is to attain a sustained development through tourism activities (Patterson, 2007). Current Approaches to Ecotourism Development Generally, sustainability is not achievable in cases where capital expansion continues to increase the ranks of the poor people and impedes their ability to access resources required for mere survival. In that respect, it is understandable that people need profound changes in order for them to facilitate strategies of sustainable de

Summarize the IRIS Training Module (2) Coursework

Summarize the IRIS Training Module (2) - Coursework Example This paper will discuss the cultural differences existing regarding the involvement of family in Maria’s case and evaluate how cultural influences affect her development. Cultural influences are evident in how students understand verbal messages, body gestures, physical touch and eye contact because different cultures have different expectations of these modes of communication. For example, Maria is a Mexican student in the US and English is not her first language. Further, apart from learning it in the US, she also needs to have enough command over it to use it to learn academic content in school. According to the U.S. Department of Education (2007), the US is known for its historical emphasis on education, which also explains why majority of American parents have always been concerned and involved in their children’s academic affairs. Further, the present-day American education system does not discriminate against gender, as is traditionally seen among some minority cultures that prioritize the education of the boy child. On the contrary, Maria’s parents have not shown interest in what goes on in her school life apart from the fact th at they enrolled her in school. For instance, they have not been returning her teacher’s calls and have also failed to respond to the notes that have been sent to them for a whole week. This acts as a warning sign to the teacher and generates the initial thoughts that the parents are not supportive of their child’s academic endeavor. From the case study, Maria is also shown to be the typical example of English language learners. This is because although she has the conversational skills to chat with friends during break, she lacks the central academic language and vocabulary to succeed in school. A key cultural influence on Maria’s education is what is typically known of Latin American cultures in which children show

Organizational Structure Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Organizational Structure Paper - Essay Example Starbucks’s reorganization of its structure has come in the trail of its rapid growth. With rapid growth, the firm has encountered more challenges in satisfying its customers and this has increased the concern on how the firm will operate in the future. To deal with these new challenges, the firm, under the leadership of Howard Schultz, has deiced to take a matrix structure. A matrix organizational structure is considered to be the best organizational structure since it helps the organization to better utilize its resources (Galbraith, 2008). In a matrix organizational structure such as found in Starbucks, all resources, especially human resources, are not fixed on one function but are loosely attached so that they can be deployed to be used in any part of the organization when they are needed there (Simms, 2008). Starbucks has employed this structure, to go align with its new needs for human resources. The matrix structure in Starbucks is implemented over the functional structure which forms the chassis of Starbucks’ structure. The Starbucks is in contrast to that of its competitor, MacDonald’s (Torresjan, 2014). MacDonald’s is a fast food restaurant that sells fast food as well as coffee and is also based in the US (Jargon, 2013). The firm uses a hierarchal structure headed at the top by a chief executive officer who oversees the firms (Torresjan, 2014). According to (Macdonlads.com, 2014) the CEO Don Thompson and oversees all of MacDonalds business across the world. However, although the MacDonald’s organizational structure is different from that is Starbucks by taking up a hierarchical structure, it is also similar to the one for Starbucks in that it also takes a functional structure where various functions at certain levels are given to the different people (The Associated Press, 2011). However, the main difference is the

Computers Science Essay Example for Free

Computers Science Essay Living just for existence has never been the objectives of my life.I have always looked forward to get the best out of my life. As a student of Bachelor of Technology in E.I.E(ElectronicsInstrumentation Engineering), I look to graduate study to widen my ken, which would facilitate in fulfilling my ambition of doing Master’s program in Computer Science Engineering. Technology and its myriad aspects fascinate me! Specifically the Computers stream that pervades all areas of business in today’s world. I have been interested in problem solving from a very young age, especially problems related to mathematics. Now that I have completed my bachelor’s degree, and working as a programming developer in Cloud computing Technology for 13 months,has made me to so fascinated for technology and moved my steps towards learning software languages.i feel pursuing masters in Computers would give me an ample scope in fullfilling my dreams as a good developer and have a research project in cloud computing. Deep in my heart, I feel this inordinate urge to do whatever possible within my reach for the less fortunate would take me forward in achieving my goals. Integrity, both in thought and action has meant everything to me. My strong set of value has helped me grow into a responsible citizen with a keen sense of duty. It has also furthered my thirst for newer horizon. This course is one of them. It’s a pathway to newer grounds, pivotal to both my professional and personal agenda. My objective for a masters degree is to get involved in such a course which could help me in achieving my ultimate goal. I believe that a career in such a field in an intellectually stimulating academic environment will offer me an excellent way to contribute my bit to the life long process of development and dissemination of knowledge. I am fully aware of the kind of dedication and hard work needed, and I am confident of meeting the challenges. Interactions with your theoretical technical expertise of the faculty and the environment in the University will add to my vision. Understanding this quest needs considerable persistence an infinite capacity to learn. And if at all I can assure you of anything, it is my desire to learn, evinced by the fact, that I have always tried learning, whenever an opportunity presented itself at all points of my life Why Computers Science? I was thoroughly fascinated by the Computers and technology from my teenage days I always thought that computers was my career option as I was greatly influenced by my brother who is a successful person in this field .But for my undergraduate course I opted for the electronics and instrumentation due to the recession at that time because of which the future in computers was unclear. It was easy for me to go for electronics as it has been my subject of interest next to computers. I was introduced to the subjects C, Computer Organisation,Micro Processor Micro Apllications, Java .Especially java in my 4th year of Btech and I started liking the subject instantly because during whole of my life I was amused with the OOPS concepts and its real time implementation in many domains,mobile applications. I wish to join the bandwagon in this field of study and would like to contribute something to it. It was only during my under graduate course that I discovered this to be an apt field of study that suited me and my passion for it grew much stronger and I felt reaching distances in this field is my destiny. so ,I have made ground myself and got successfully placed in multinational company(TCS). This is the place where i found myself and started developing penchant for programming and decided it as my career for future.As,I had my training in java and later my first project was on Cloud Computing technology,Salesforce( CRM tool) as a developer which has OOPS concepts with apex language as its programming core.My project was on insurance domain.I really felt that this is good opportunity to learn things and grabbed every opportunity to learn the concepts. As it was enterperneur tool , i had a good scope for analysing requirements and work accordingly to complete goals assigned to me on time . I had also pursued DEV 401 certification in Salesforce.This 13 months of job experience has made me to decide that programming would be my passion and decided have concrete skills in programming and decided to pursue masters in computer science. A thorough browsing through the web pages of your university helped me discover that your university is an ensemble of excellent faculty and innovative research facilities. An environment replete with extensive academic activity and a Master’s program at the cutting edge of every other sub-field further enticed me and motivated me to choose your university. I strongly feel that Masters in Computer Science Engineering Program from your University is a highly structured program because it provides the right balance between theory and practice.A premier seat of knowledge and information derived from the cream of intelligentsia coupled with excellent infrastructure is where I would get ample oppurtunities to apply knowledge and excel my programming skills to be a technical gem. I write to you with the earnest that my background and qualifications will be found suitable for admission to this prestigious program,Masters in Computer Science Engineering from your University. An assistantship besides providing financial support would give me an invaluable research/ teaching experience. I am keen to be a part of the student community at your esteemed university with suitable financial assistance. I am very much obliged to you for providing me with this opportunity to express myself.

Narrative Conventions Of Formal Realism English Literature Essay

Narrative Conventions Of Formal Realism English Literature Essay So they forgot her like an unpleasant dream during a troubled sleep. Occasionally the rustle of a skirt hushes when they wake and the knuckles brushing a cheek in sleep seem to belong to the sleeper. Sometimes the photographs of a close friend or relative- looked at too long, shifts and sometimes more familiar than the dear face itself moves there. They can touch it if they like, but they dont, because they know things will never be the same if they do. He had a strange sense of being haunted, a feeling that the shades of his imagination were stepping out into the real world, that destiny was acquiring the slow, fatal logic of a dream. Now I know what a ghost is he thought, Unfinished business, thats what. Since the last decades of the Twentieth century many African American writers have set out to revise the slave narratives of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and to reaffirm both their historical and historiographical significance. For many writers, reclaiming an identity or narrative voice is vital and functions as a means of countering centuries of dispossession and misrepresentation. For Toni Morrison, interpretation represents an integral part of black cultural and social identity  [1]  and her novel Beloved, as Henry Louis Gates argues, invents and articulates a language that gives voice to the unspeakable horror and terror of the black past  [2]  . The novel is an allegorical representation of this unspeakability; Everybody knew what she was called but nobody knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be found because no one is looking for her  [3]  . Morrison in Beloved weaves her narrative around the complex history of slavery, its unrelenting brutality and the devastating cruelty it inflicted on African Americans. Critic Caroline Rudy suggests Beloved is a unique historical writing; historiographic intervention, a strategic re-centring of American history in the lives of the historically disposed  [4]  . Morrison sets out to re-write traditional historical narrative from the standpoint of those dispossessed and challenges the notion of what it is to be American. To reclaim a voice denied by imperialism and racism and to forge a literary discourse that transforms notions of blackness, Morrison rewrites and revises the conventions of genres. In Beloved Morrison revises three genres, those of the slave narrative, historical novel and the gothic novel. Critics such as Peter J Capuano in Truth and Timbre and Rafael Perez Torres in Knitting and Knotting the Narrative Thread have, as Heinert argues, the capacity to explain how Beloved responds to and rewrites the slave narrative tradition in American literature, for which Beloved is often categorized a neo slave narrative  [5]  . Ashraf Rushdy in Daughters Signifying History and Kathleen Brogan in Cultural Haunting, have argued effectively that Morrison by revising the case of Margret Garner or conducting, as Morrison herself suggests, literary archaeology  [6]  , creates a narrative for the real- life fugitive Seth. In doing so Morrison faces the challenge of transforming Seths Rememories of a brutal past into a discourse shaped by her own narrativity. Morrisons revivication of the dead and her summoning of Seths dead daughter are all, as Timothy Spaulding suggests in Reforming the Past, conventions of the Gothic novel  [7]  . Morrisons revisions of these genres are multifaceted and have a fundamental purpose: a rejection of conventional realism. Morrison shifts from one genre to another to account for the absences left by previous literary forms, or as Ritashona Simpson argues, to create a suitable receptacle of language which transforms and releases the slaves word  [8]  . Rewriting truth and narrating the gaps in history left by conventional realism is Morrisons way of narrating, Unspeakable things unspoken  [9]  . The crossing of genres, styles, and narrative perspectives within the text suggests it filters the absent or marginalised oral discourse of a, pre-capitalist black community through the self-conscious discourse of the contemporary novel  [10]  . In revising earlier literary traditions, dominated by the logic and values of the dominant culture, Morrison as Heinert argues, Disrupts formal realism  [11]  . Morrisons revisions of earlier slave narratives and history clearly expose the absence of the black voice within the context of formal realism. In Beloved, gothic elements reveal the collusion between a Western scientific world view and slavery; and according to Truffin, uncovers distortions in the lens through which the rational discourse views the world, indicating the features of life and the lives of others for which Western empiricism fails to account  [12]  . While earlier slave narratives sought to speak directly to a white readership and elucidate the brutality of slavery, Beloved, as Bloom has argued, exposes the unsaid, the psychic subtexts that lie both within and beneath the historical facts  [13]  . In interviews Morrison has remarked that, the documentary realism of the slave narratives imposed complete silence about those excessive proceedings of slavery too terrible to relate  [14]  . These silences are re-membered and rewritten by the main protagonists and the readers, like Ella, listened for the holes, things the fugitives did not say, the questions they did not ask  [15]  . To quote Carl Plasa, if Beloved is a story about a ghost it is a story which itself has a ghostly status or existence, hauntingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the gaps and silences of the tradition on which it draws, seeking release. To articulate black Identity and construct a literary discourse which lifts the veil of silence, writers such as Morrison imbue their texts with fantastic or non-mimetic ruses to create a contradictory narrative form. However, Morrison discredits the labels, fearing they suggest a breach with truth, and her single gravest responsibility (in spite of that magic) is not to lie  [16]  . However, in essence, postmodern slave narratives implement elements of the fantastic not as a way of undermining their narrative authority but as a means of establishing it. The text revises gothic elements into a device for exposing the junctures between slavery and science, and for delegitimizing western logic as it controls slavery. According to Goldner, As hauntings carry the perspectives and powers of slaves, gothic representations of slavery in the texts disrupt the Galilean project in the service of the enslaved. As hauntings position the dead amid the living and the past amid the present, they defy the concept of linear time, the bedrock of cause and effect that enables prediction. They thus defy the Western dream of control  [17]  . Gothic haunts elucidate what is invisible to the dominant culture and within the text haunts and gothic devices also confront the Euclidean conception  [18]  of the world as a uniform space, challenging western notions of linear time, juxtaposing past and present. Haunts and Gothic elements permeate the absences, central to history with the suffering of slaves, arraigning the atmosphere with emotive, ethical, and political forces which the endeavour of science claims to dis-credit, and the project of slavery seek to ignore. Harpham also argues; The haunts of Gothicism break through the boundaries of the dominant cultures paradigms and identities signalling potential political crisis  [19]  . Morrison, like Chestnutt in The Conjure Woman, subverts the claims of science, infusing them with gothic hauntings, whose vocal cadences carry African American oral culture and express the pain of slaves  [20]  . Gothic hauntings act as the vehicle through which the suppressed returns and Linda Krumholz in The Ghosts of Slavery shows how Morrison has integrated the conventions of the gothic novel by using African cosmology to manifest the dead child, Beloved. The haunts convey all that a scientific and imperialist discourse seeks to dominate, including feelings, and more specifically, the feelings of the oppressed. While the gothic signifies a disruption not to conventional realism Morrison extends this disruption to the cultural logic and ideology of the dominant culture. Whereas a scientific discourse would consider the haunting of Seths house as illogical, Beloved categorizes the gothic as reality. The ghost seems logical to Seth and the other characters that understood the source of the outrage as well as knew the source of light  [21]  . When Paul D is confronted by the poltergeist, Seth simply explains that the spirit haunting the house is, her daughter  [22]  . The ghost is als o visible to Denver who, kneels in a white dress beside her mother  [23]  . The heartrenching tale of Baby Suggs lost children explains why haunting seemed normal. Four taken, four chased, and all, I expect, worrying somebodys house into evil  [24]  . Such is the acceptance of the supernatural as reality that Baby Suggs believes there is not a house in the country aint packed to its rafters with some dead Negroes grief  [25]  . Goldner argues that, until its final pages, every African American character accepts the haunt as true.  [26]  Rather than seeing Beloved as any kind of ghostly contrivance, the novel also delineates the gothic as a reality when it gives its ghost a body with inimitable physical powers: Beloved simultaneously embraces and chokes Seth; she seduces and manipulates Paul D, and in the end takes the shape of, a pregnant women naked and smiling in the heat of the afternoon sun  [27]  . Once Beloved appears on Seths doorstep, the gothic becomes a n embodied reality, and also grows in scope, invading the confines of 124 Bluestone Rd and the narrative itself. As Morrison revives the gothic conventions of ghosts she stretches the convention of the gothic novel to breaking point. No longer ethereal, Beloved is made real, as real as the existence of slavery and its experiences once were  [28]  . Some critics have maintained that the novel merges white and black literary ethnicities, including components of European American female Gothic tradition in its reading of the slave narratives. In one sense, it is possible to make a connection. Kate Ferguson Ellis account of the characteristic Gothic novel with houses in which people are locked in and locked out,  [29]  and preoccupation with violence done to familial bonds that is frequently directed against women  [30]  , does seem applicable to Beloved. Pamela Barnett in Figurations of Rape and the Supernatural in Beloved takes an opposing view, arguing that Beloved is more than a supernatural embodiment, she is a menacing hybrid of European American and African American cultural traditions  [31]  , a succubus, a vampire, and a female demon, nourishing itself through (literally and metaphorically) draining Seths strength. The spectre, or the ghost, represents this American Jeremiad of the minority. Spectre, as Derrida defines it in Spectres of Marx, is something that remains difficult to name  [32]  . Toni Morrison in her novel, Beloved, attempts to name the unnameable by confronting a brutal past. This space can be valuable, a means by which to re-inscribe spaces of oppression as sites of subversion and resistance. Beloved is finally set apart from the distinctive form of a ghost story in that Morrison, as Edwardss points out, provides no corner from which to smile skeptically at the thrills were enjoying  [33]  . The thrills of myth and magic are embedded in real horror and terror. The illusory elements cannot, in the end, be said to be merely narrative ploys, creating tension or suspense or guiding the reader further into a magical, mythical world. Rather than merely pervading a world of fantasy and myth, the reader is forced to confront the horrifically real, the unspeakable reality of sla very. Morrison, in her own words, blends the acceptance of the supernatural and a profound rootedness in the real world at the same time  [34]  . This configuration of the supernatural can be demonstrated by Barbara Christians argument that Morrison, in configuring Beloved as an embodied spirit, a spirit that presents itself as a body  [35]  , purposely distances her novel from the perspective of Gothic tradition, and instead places it in relation to, the African traditional religious belief that Westerners call ancestor worship  [36]  . Barbara Christians argument underlines the cynicism of the very idea of something called supernaturalism. Magic can be supernatural and natural and the supernatural can extend beyond notions of magic. This concept of superstition and magic is for Morrison, just another way of knowing things, an alternate epistemology discredited only because those who contribute have themselves been similarly disavowed historically. As Toni Morrison argues the discredited knowledge that Black people had was discredited only because Black people were discredited  [37]   Considering the dichotomy between fact and fiction Morrisons work might, she admits, fall into, the realm of fiction called fantastic or mythic or magical or unbelievable  [38]  in the minds of some. Her use of the supernatural or gothic origins can also be seen as emphasising the reality of her subject. The boundary between what is true and what is not is decisively distorted as Morrison says, the crucial distinction  [39]  for her is not that between fact and fiction, but between fact and truth because, facts can exist without human intelligence, but truth cannot  [40]  . While narrative truth is a construct, and, the burden of constructing it belongs to its readers  [41]  , Beloved constructs a literary discourse that alters as Perez Torres states, Western notions of blackness  [42]  . Morrison transforms absence into a powerful presence and in doing so helps readers reconsider the past as a way of re-evaluating its history, class and conventions whilst seeking the truth. While the formality of conventional realism alters the way in which slavery and its facets are (dis)remembered in the canon of American Literary discourse, Beloved emerges as an alternative, a counter-narrative to the racist representation of slavery. Beloved disrupts generic conventions to expose how conventional realism cannot account for race, and calls for readers to respond  [43]  . Without special privilege going to any single form of storytelling, and through an authenticity based on inclusiveness, the many voices within the text contribute to, and give voice to, those formerly excluded from history. C:Documents and SettingsJoannaMy Documentsfirst chapter for beloved_filesspacer.gif